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Please cite the following document as: Solomon MZ, Dokken
DL, Fleischman AR, Heller K, Levetown M, Rushton CH, Sellers DE,
Truog RD. for IPPC, 2002. The initiative for pediatric palliative
care (IPPC): Background and goals. Newton, MA: Education Development
Center, Inc. Available at www.ippcweb.org.
The Initiative for Pediatric Palliative Care (IPPC):
Background and Goals
by
Mildred Z. Solomon, EdD, Deborah L. Dokken, MPA, Alan R. Fleischman, MD, Karen S. Heller, PhD, Marcia Levetown, MD, Cynda
Hylton Rushton, DNSc, RN, FAAN, Deborah E. Sellers, PhD, Robert D. Truog, MD.
Scope of the Problem
There is growing empirical evidence that the health care system
is failing children and families, when they are confronted by a
life-threatening illness. Too many children undergo painful procedures
and suffer from the symptoms of advancing disease without adequate
relief, despite the fact that modern medicine has the means to relieve
their pain and improve most symptoms.1,2
Families of gravely ill children can feel abandoned and overwhelmed,
often suffering emotional and sometimes financial consequences for
years to come. Social supports to children and families before and
after death are woefully inadequate, and health care professionals
themselves are often left without emotional support for the difficult
work they do. In their training, physicians and nurses have received
virtually no opportunities to practice the skills necessary for
communicating effectively with dying children and their families.3
Practicing health care professionals also lack guidance on how best
to manage the conflicting goals and values that can arise in difficult
cases.4
Such conflicts are made all the more challenging by the broad cultural
and religious diversity represented in the U.S. population. Moreover,
while there is an ongoing national effort to improve palliative
care among adult patients, very little has been done so far in the
United States on behalf of children and their families.
Clearly, the problem of pediatric palliative care is a multifaceted one that will need to be addressed through multiple reinforcing strategies: medical education, regulatory reform, changes in health care financing, and hospital quality improvement efforts, as well as broad social changes in the ways in which our society views children, families, death and dying. Although it will be essential to address this challenge from all these sectors, the ongoing project now being planned and carried out by Education Development Center, Inc. (EDC) is designed specifically to enhance the capacity of children's hospitals and general hospitals with pediatric units to respond to these needs.
IPPC's Focus
The initiative's focus on hospital deaths is essential, because in the United States the vast majority of pediatric deaths occur in the hospital setting. Each year 54,000 children die in the United States. The leading cause of death to children over age one is unintentional injury. Other major causes include the complications of prematurity, death from congenital anomalies, cancer, and intentional injuries.5 In addition, many more thousands of children live for years with severe life-threatening conditions.6,7 Thus, the three distinct populations of children who stand to benefit from improvements in palliative care are the following:
- those who are born without an expectation of survival to adulthood but who may live a long time with substantial suffering,
- those who acquire illnesses such as cancer, and
- those who suffer relatively sudden death due to trauma.
In each of these categories, child and family needs differ, yet hospitals have rarely developed mechanisms for responding specifically to those needs.
Project Objectives
The Initiative for Pediatric Palliative Care (IPPC) seeks to enhance the capacity of children's hospitals and related institutions to accomplish the following:
- maximize family involvement in decision making and care planning
in the ways and to the degree that each individual family finds
comfortable;
- inform children with life-threatening illnesses and involve
them in decisions regarding their care and care planning as fully
as possible, given their developmental abilities and desires;
- reduce pain and distressful symptoms for children with life-threatening
illnesses;
- provide emotional and spiritual support to children and families
as they cope with the multiple losses associated with life-threatening
conditions;
- facilitate the resolution of families' practical needs, such
as the need for respite, through coordination with the community;
- facilitate continuity of care across care settings, both within
and outside the hospital, by providing each family with a designated
care coordinator;
- offer bereavement support to the child and the family before
and after death.
To meet these needs, the IPPC will encourage hospitals to do the following:
- develop explicit policies and practices to advance the vision of humane, family-centered care for children with life-threatening conditions;
- integrate palliative care with cure-oriented care from the beginning of the diagnosis forward so that it can benefit children who are gravely ill as well as those who are dying imminently;
- develop strategies for enhancing the palliative care clinical competence of staff, including skills in pain and symptom management, communication, and ethical analysis;
- develop specific, routine mechanisms for meeting each of the child and family goals stated above;
- commit to measuring the institution's progress toward these goals through routine, periodic data collection.
Partners
EDC is carrying out the project in collaboration with:
Seven hospitals are developing exemplary quality improvement activities and serving as field test sites for the IPC curriculum. These seven are:
In addition, the Lucile
Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University Medical Center
is serving as an seventh field test site for the curriculum.
The following institutions are providing financial support to this large, new national initiative:
Citations
1. Wolfe J, Grier H, Klar N, Levin S, Ellenbogen J, Salem-Schatz S, Emanuel E, Weeks J. Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000;342(5). [Return]
2. Galloway KS, Yaster M. Pain and symptom control in terminally ill children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2000;47(3):711-746. [Return]
3. Sahler, OJ, Frager G, Levetown M, Cohn F, Lipson M. Medical education about end-of-life care in the pediatric setting: Principles, challenges and opportunities. Pediatrics, 2000;105(3). [Return]
4. Cassidy RC, Fleischman AR. Pediatric Ethics – From Principles to Practice. Monographs in Clinical Pediatrics. The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH, 1996. [Return]
5. Guyer B, Hoyert D, Martin J, Ventura S, MacDorman M, Strobino D. Annual summary of vital statistics – 1998. Pediatrics, 1999;104(6):1229–1246. [Return]
6. A Guide to the Development of Children's Palliative Care Services. London, England: The Association of Children with Life-threatening Conditions or Terminal Conditions and Their Families and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 1997. [Return]
7. Johnson B, Jeppson ES, Redburn L. Caring for Children and Families: Guidelines for Hospitals. Bethesda, Maryland: Association for the Care of Children's Health, August 1992. [Return]
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